Snug-tightness is the tightness that is attained with a few impacts of an impact wrench or the full effort of an ironworker using an ordinary spud wrench to bring the connected plies into firm contact. The applications for which pretensioned instead of snug-tightened bolt assemblies are required can be found within Clause 22.2.2 of the S16-14: [...]
Braces in a tension-only braced frame are designed to resist, in tension, 100 per cent of lateral shear forces in the braced frame. Since the resistance of braces acting in compression is ignored in the design, tension-only braced systems must be direct-acting and concentrically braced frames. Over the last 25 years, ductile design provisions for tension [...]
The minimum size of a fillet weld as measured should comply with Table 4.4 of CSA W59-13, unless a larger size is required to provide the calculated weld resistance. The long-standing code provision for minimum fillet size aims to reduce the cooling rate. The presence of hydrogen and fast cooling are major contributing factors for cold [...]
Knife edge angle connection, commonly known as knife connection, is a very common type of beam shear connection. It features a pair of angles that are typically welded to the column in the shop and bolted to the beam web in the field (Figure 1). While knife connection serves as a popular beam shear connection, its [...]
In accordance with the National Building Code, steel building systems shall be manufactured by companies certified to CSA A660 “Certification of Manufacturers of Steel Building Systems.” A steel building system (SBS) features steel for the structural components plus related accessories engineered and designed as a total building system, commonly referred to as “pre-engineered buildings” for which [...]
A325 and A490 bolts are household names. What are F1852 and F2280? ASTM A325 AND A490 BOLTS are the high-strength bolts used for structural applications in North America. Their twist-off type counterparts are F1852 and F2280, respectively (Figure 1). ASTM standards A325M and A490M cover the metric versions (although metric bolts are rare). Generally, bolt [...]
Torsional section properties found in the Handbook include the St. Venant constant (J) and the warping constant (Cw). General formulas do not usually incorporate the contributions of the round fillets at the intersection of the web and flange(s) in open sections, as shown in Figure 1. The fillets are not taken into account for angle sections, [...]
Two methods are provided in CSA Standard S16-14, to determine the factored compressive resistance, Cr, for sections that exceed the width (or diameter)-to-thickness ratios specified in Table 1 of the S16-14. These are the effective area method and the effective yield stress method. Effective Area Method Engineers are generally familiar with the concept of [...]
Engineers are often faced with the challenge of determining the yield strength or tensile strength of structural steel members found in historical steel buildings. This becomes particularly important for rehabilitation and renovation works. The table below is an excerpt taken from Part Six of the CISC Handbook of Steel Construction. Note that the yield strength and [...]
Advantages of HSS as braces The popularity of hollow structural section bracing stems from two facts: a) Square and circular HSS do not have a minor axis Typically, the compressive resistance, Cr, for a brace is considerably smaller than its tensile resistance, Tr (for CSA G40.21 350W steel, Cr for a brace at the maximum permissible [...]